SOCIALIZATION
Socialization
is the process of preparing the children to fit well in the society into which
they are born. The family, the school, neighborhood, community, religion,
media, cinema etc. are some of the chief agencies of society to socialize the
human beings. It is a slow and continuous process. It starts at birth and ends
with death.
Definitions
of Socialization:
According to Drever¸”Socialization is a process by which the individual is
adapted to his social environment and becomes a recognized cooperating and
efficient member of it.
Cook refers socialization as a process as a result of which
children take on themselves the various social roles, social learning and
developmental tasks.
Some other social
psychologists describe as a process of social development which includes the
development of attitudes, friendliness, cooperativeness, rivalry, social skills
and social norms.
The process of
socialization is generally conceived as an unconscious process whereas formal
education is a conscious process. Primary socialization is taken as unconscious
process and secondary socialization as a conscious process.
Stages of
Socialization:
Socialization
is a continuous process. It has 4 stages, they are:
1. Primary
Socialization: In this stage the family plays a major role. The church temple,
masque, neighborhood influences socialization. The method of primary
socialization is informal.
2. Social
Development: The individual has to move out of his family and neighborhood.
When he has to move with people of other religion, other cultures and other
social classes, the age of 6 social development begins and continuous
throughout life.
3.
Anticipatory Socialization: In this process individuals develop
aspirations about the future goals and try to learn behavior appropriate to
their anticipatory notes.
4.
Resocialization: An individual develops new behavior temporarily for the acceptance
of society to adjust there again he avoids his behavior and adopts old
behavior. But later, individuals have to avoid his behavior and adopt old ways
of behavior. This is called resocialization. In other words, he gets
resocialized.
Process of
Socialization: Communication may be defined as the transmission of meanings
through the use of symbols. One learns and taught through communication. Man
has superiority over lower animals because of his speech and learning ability.
Man uses the methods of behavior, observation and imitation and develops an
insight and employs perceptual visual learning which leads to alternative kinds
of behavior. Man alone is expert in communicating through symbols, which he
develops into systems of expression, exchange and thinking. Hence he is
superior over animals. This superiority in learning lies in his ability. To
retain learning and to stimulate what he has learnt through symbols, numbers
and diagrams. Culture and man’s ability to learn and to communicate forms the
basis of teaching-learning process. This also terms the basis of
Teaching-Learning process and also the basis for interpersonal relationships.
These make possible social interaction which is the most basic social process
in human behavior.
METHODS
OF SOCIALIZATION
According to
sociologists, the effectiveness of teaching methods and techniques can be
described with the effective usage of six principles.
1.
The method of teaching is effective only in so far as the skills
and knowledge acquired in the classroom are actually utilized by the individual
in his adjustment to social situations.
2.
The method of teaching must place primary emphasis on social
behavior outsides of the classroom.
3.
The teaching technique must seek to utilize the social forces
operative in social life in order to develop capacity for social adjustment.
4.
Co-operative group patterns of learning which lay emphasis on
group interaction, cooperative and democratic planning are always preferable to
methods in which the individual learn by himself. Students react better to
cooperative learning in which there is sharing in the teaching-learning
process.
5.
Personality development is one of the important aims of education.
The method of teaching should help in forming a personality which is
emotionally stable and socially acceptable.
6.
The teacher will develop problem-solving and constructive
thinking. Socialized techniques, projects and group methods fulfill most of the
conditions. Discussions will replace the lecture method and autocratic
procedures in the classroom.
2.9 AGENCIES
OF SOCIALIZATION
Society has
developed a number of specialized institutions to carry out their functions of
education. These agencies are known as agencies socialization or of individual
group interaction.
Types of
agencies:
There are two types of
agencies.
1. Formal
Agencies:
The agencies which are set
up by the society with the objective of carrying out the various functions of
education are called formal agencies.
Example: The school,
the temple, gurudwara, libraries, organized and creation centres, arya samaj,
rama krishna mission, jamia milia etc.
2. Informal
Agencies:
These are institutions
which diffuse and transmit culture and knowledge from one generation to another
in an informal & unorganized manner.
Examples: The family,
the play ground, the community, relatives etc.
The School:
It is one of
the formal agencies of socialization. It has acquired importance because of its
sociological changes & influences.
The school as a formal
agency of education imparts the maximum knowledge of the subjects required for
necessary living of a useful and successful life. These subjects include
languages, mathematics, social and natural sciences. Schools also cater to
vocational education; a variety of trades, occupations and professions are
introduced to the students at the secondary level. Physical education, games
and sports also features as activities in schools.
Thus John Dewey has described the school as dynamic functions of
reviewing, rehearing and vitalizing the social fabric, the function of
constantly reorganizing & reconstructing human experiences.
The
Family:
The family
is an important informal but activity agency of education. It is the
institution into which each individual is born. It is an essential agency for
child rearing, socialization and for introducing the child to the culture of
its society. It helps in shaping the basic character structure of culture and
forming the child’s personality. It satisfies most of the needs of the child and
provides emotional experience which stimulates the learning activities of the
children. Family provides the greatest possible opportunity for establishing
the rapport because of affection between various members and the possibility of
suggestions being given and practiced. The family continues to be a source for
the exchange of affection, consideration and sympathy. Children gain a feeling
of security and belongingness, a feeling whose importance carries over and
forms the basis of his attitudes and values throughout life. Hence it is a key
institution in the transmission of the cultural heritage and in social
survival.
Peer Group:
There are
groups in which most members are of equal age and of similar social status.
People of all age lends from peer groups of their own. Peer group influences
are encouraged by extracurricular activities, sports and other social
influences. Peer group is primarily an activity group which operates through
social, recreational and vocational activities. It assist the individual teen
ager in the process of self-identification and self-discovery, social and
emotional emancipation from the family is possible through Peer group.
PROCESS
OF SOCIALIZATION
Socialization
is a term used by sociologists and educationalists to refer to the lifelong
process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs and ideologies providing
an individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within his
or her own society. Socialization is thus, “The means by which social and
cultural continuity are attained”.
Socialization is a
learning process that begins shortly after birth. Early childhood is the period
of the most intense and the most crucial socialization. It is then that we
acquire language and learn the fundamentals of our culture. It is also when
much of our personality takes shape. However, we continue to be socialized
throughout our lives. As we age, we enter new status and need to learn the
appropriate roles of them.
Orville F. Brim (Jr.) described
socialization as a lifelong process. He maintains that socialization of adults
differ from childhood socialization. There are many different forms of
socialization, but two types are known as 1)
Primary and 2) Secondary socialization.
1. Primary
Socialization refers to socialization of the infant in the primary or earliest
years of his life. It is process by which the infant learns language and
cognitive skills, internalizes norms and values. The infant learns the ways of
a given grouping and is molded into an effective social participant of that
group. The norms of society become part of the personality of the individual.
The child does not have a sense of wrong and right. By direct and indirect
observation and experience, he gradually learns the norms relating to wrong and
right things. The primary socialization takes place in the family.
2. Secondary
Socialization is the process can be seen at work outside the immediate family,
in the peer group. The growing child learns very important lessons in the
school. Hence, socialization continues beyond and outside the family
environment. Secondary socialization generally refers to the social training
received by the child in institutional or formal settings and continues
throughout the rest of his life.
Characteristics
of Socialization:
i.
Socialization is a continuous process.
ii.
Socialization is visible as well as non-visible process.
iii.
Based on the time, place the process of socialization will be
doffers.
iv.
The child can absorb the values, social standards, beliefs,
behavioral patterns in the process in the process of socialization.
v.
The process of socialization is helping for making better
individual in society.
vi.
The process of socialization develops the social maturity.
vii.
Development of psychic part of child and social efficient of child
both are part and partial in process of socialization. It results the
personality development.
viii.
The socialization process can be described as learning process.
3.2
CONFLICTS RESOLUTION
Conflicts are part of the life whether it is,
personal, business or social. People found that goals, behavior and motivation
of the members are contradictory and move in different directions. Conflicts
crop up on theory issues. Each individual perceives the other as a threat and
therefore oppose the other. Conflicting behavior involves both offence and
defense. Sometimes in competition where goal is to do better than the others
can produce better results and the conflict is almost to undo the others can be
non-productive.
Conflict do not take place in
a vaccum and the important elements of conflict are the social and physical
context. They should be resolved to build stronger relationships between
friends, relations neighbors and co-workers in the society.
Conflicts are of two types
external and internal. There are may be conflicts between one individual and
another, between one individual and a group and between one group and another
group. Sometimes the conflict may be between a person and a person, between a
person and his environment or within the person himself. Conflicts are due to
negative interaction mainly. They also take place due to environmental
obstructions or in the fulfillment of human beings instinctive demands.
Conflicting needs drive
the person to behave in particular manner which does not satisfy his needs.
Personal deficiencies like low intelligence, poor memory lack of leadership
also obstruct the fulfillment of a person’s needs.
Types of
Conflicts:
1. Inter
Individual Conflicts:
Inter-Individual
conflicts occurs when two individuals strive to attain their own goals and
block the others achievement. This type of conflict takes place between a
person and a person, between a person and community. This mainly arises due to
differences in values, perceptions, temperaments, personalities, goals and
socio-cultural factors.
Administrators may have
conflict with subordinates or peers, due to a personality problem, members
within the family, teachers and taught may be due to contradictory wishes
communications with each other plays a vital role in avoiding damage to the
individual relationships.
Factors
responsible for inter individual conflicts:
a) Administrative policies: Administrative
policies, organizational structure, working condition, personal differences,
information deficiencies, environmental stress are the causes for
inter-individual conflicts.
b) Organizational structure: In an
organization the conflict arises at different levels. It has size, shape, task
specialization authority relationships, different work activities. If the goals
of the organization are not clear, conflict is likely to arise between the
employer and employee etc.
c) Working conditions: Meager economic benefits, bossism feelings of
security etc cause frustration among the individuals which result in conflicts.
Lack of encouragement.
Motivation, misunderstandings, back
biting among employees also contributes a number of conflicts in the organization.
2.
Intra-Individual Conflicts:
Intra-Individual
conflicts are the conflicts, which occurs within the individual. It is internal
to the individual, where the person fights his thoughts and unable to decide
further course of action within each individual there are a number of competing
needs and roles, a variety of ways that roles can be expressed, many types of
barriers between the way and the goal and both positive and negative aspects
attached to desired goals. All these are responsible for complicating the
individual’s adoption and leads to conflict within himself.
Adaptive response’s are both
physical and psychological conflict with rear to goals are classified into
three types.
i.
Approach –
Approach Conflict: In this case, the individual is motivated to approach two or more
positive but actually exclusive goals.
Example: A girl is very eager to marry
her fiancé and also wishes to complete her MBA course in the same semester
itself. The girl in this case move towards the other goal in order to achieve
one.
ii.
Approach –
Avoidance Conflict: In this case, the individual is motivated to approach a goal and
at the same time develops a tendency to avoid the same. The single goal
contains both positive and negative characteristics.
Example: An Indian girl wishes to marry an American resident boy, who is
well educated and well to do but at the same time she hesitates to marry, as he
smokes and drinks.
iii.
Avoidance –
Avoidance Conflict: This form of conflict takes place when a person is forced to
choose between two mutuality exclusives goals, each of which is unattractive to
the person.
Example: A person staying in the same city on the same job without
promotion for a long time and leaving the city and family for going to another
city with a promotion.
STRATEGIES
FOR RESOLUTION OF A CONFLICT
Confliction resolution is a
constructive approach that enable people with contrasting positions work
together, compromising their differences. Resolving conflicts is an art of
communication. Co-operation among the people reduces anger stress and frustration.
In school, students can learn how to deal with different situations in anger
and how to work with others to arrive at win-win situations through team
projects and role playing.
Conflict resolution helps
to learn how to resolve problematic areas and prevent violence by making people
recognize conflict. The following are the common strategies that are developed
to resolve conflicts in an organization.
a. Avoidance: This type of strategy attempts to keep the conflict withdrawn or
any party’s neglected. The conflict is rather ignored simply. This strategy
often leads to loose-loose situation. A person may be unwilling to take things
out and pretend, as if the conflict has not existed.
b. Diffusion: This strategy makes an attempt to deactivate the conflict and cool
the emotions and aggression of the concerned parties. This will be useful when
the individual/group have mutual important goals.
c. Confrontation: This strategy refers to the conflicting
groups directly confront the issues each other in an attempt to reach a mutual
satisfactory resolution. This strategy maximizes the achievements of goals by
both the parties and results in a win-win situation. This is most successful
approach which has many behavioral benefits.
d. Containment: In this case, the people ensure that the conflict does not get out
of control and further escalate. This strategy can be carried out when the
problems and procedures are structured and open discussions failed. The
representatives of the conflicting parties be allowed to negotiate with in the
established structure.
TYPES OF
CONFLICT RESOLUTION
1. Proactive Conflict Resolution:
In this
method, the intelligent person senses the situation and takes suitable steps to
prevent the untoward incidents or impending troubles, as a result of conflict,
a teacher has to develop the skills in the students to resolve conflicts.
The
following steps may be initiated to prevent conflicts in this method:
a.
Setting goals/targets realistically, not beyond the capacity to
achieve.
b.
Proper planning is required to reach the ambition/goal.
c.
If goals are changed, resetting them according to reality is essential.
d.
One has to develop positive values and attitude towards life.
e.
An attitude of analytical examination of one’s own inner
tendencies and the external condition’s is helpful to resolve conflicts.
f.
A person who has wider interests will be able to move away from
the conflicting situation.
2. Reactive mechanism of conflict resolution:
These types
of mechanisms are primarily meant for avoiding the anxiety, frustration and
tense emotionally generated in conflict situations.
The
following are some of the reactive mechanisms for resolving conflicts:
a. Repression: It is otherwise called as motivated forgetting. It is a mechanism
in which people try to push those ideas, which are not liked by them into the
unconscious state of mind.
b. Regression: This is a method where a person reverts to an earlier mode of
behavior to escape a conflict situation.
c. Rationalization: This is also called as ‘Sour Grape’
mechanism. Through this mechanism, we justify our actions and feelings and give
socially acceptable reasons for failures.
d. Projection: This is a mechanism used for attributing one’s thoughts or ideas
or impulses to another person. The individual tries to blame others for his
failures and environment for unfavorable factors.
e. Compensation: The individual in this mechanism tries to cover up his deficiency
in one area by exhibiting his strength in the other.
f. Sympathism: The person tries to get satisfaction by seeking sympathy and pity
from others for his own mistakes and failure.
g. Displacement: This is a method to escape from anxiety by displacing it on
others. The people show their aggression on someone else, blaming them or
shouting at them.
h. Reaction formation: In this mechanism, the person resolves the
conflict by swinging to the opposite extreme. When there is a strong tendency
of aggression towards a certain class of people and at the same time feels
guilty about it. He may become an apostle of human love and start a crusade for
loving all humanity.
i. Identification: In this case, the person reduces his tension
through achievements of other persons to whom he is closely attached.
j. Sublimation: In case there is an obstruction to natural or some instinctive
activity of a person, he does not care for obstructions, but replaces it with
higher and nobler activity. This is called sublimation and helps a person in
solving his conflicts.
Advantages
of Conflict Resolution:
1.
These mechanism help to protect the personality of a person.
2.
They will help the individuals to have satisfaction temporarily
and avoids mental tension.
3.
These mechanisms help as an alternative where permanent solutions
cannot be found, to the conflict.
4.
Sufficient time will be provided, after getting temporary
solutions to the conflict.
5.
They help the person to get him adjusted to the prevailing
situations.
Disadvantages
of Conflict Resolution:
1.
There is always tendency of the people to depend on these
mechanisms without permanent solutions to be conflict.
2.
There will be nothing like happiness, satisfaction permanently due
to these mechanisms.
3.
If a person is depended completely on these mechanisms, life will
become an artificial one.
4.
There is a possibility of fear of facing mental ill-health due to
the breaking of his relationship with the world.
